It is used as a humectant — a substance that helps the skin hold onto water

Niacinamide reduces inflammation , which may help ease redness from eczema, acne, and other inflammatory skin conditions.

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a measure of how well the sunscreen absorbs or blocks the sun’s rays and theoretically the amount of time you can spend in the sun. 

It can help prevent aging and reduce the appearance of dark under-eye circles and puffiness.

PHAs can help hydrate skin and boost skin cell regeneration, which helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Arbutin is a cosmeceutical that fades hyperpigmentation meaning it works to fade sun spots, age spots, acne scars, and melasma.

It increases cell turnover and helps eliminate accumulated dead skin cells on the epidermis — the top layer of the skin. 

Peptides are amino acids that are the building blocks of certain proteins needed by the skin, like collagen and elastin.